Common hogweed

This article is about the native European species. For the invasive species, see Giant hogweed. For other plants called hogweed, see Hogweed (disambiguation).

Common hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium), in Britain usually just hogweed and in older English cow parsnip, is a native umbellifer of meadows, road verges, riverbanks and woodland edges across Europe. It is the type species of the genus Heracleum,¹ and the giant hogweeds take their common names from it: English giant hogweed, Polish barszcz Sosnowskiego, Russian borshchevik Sosnovskogo. It is rarely more than 1.5 m tall, carries white flowers in umbels up to 17 cm across, and is not listed as an invasive species.²³⁴

Its young leaves and shoots were eaten, fed to pigs and cows, and fermented into a sour soup that was commonly eaten in Poland and Lithuania until the seventeenth century. The soup was called barszcz. From the eighteenth century it became a food of the poor, beetroot replaced the hogweed in the pot, and the new soup took over the name.⁵⁶⁷the name was kept, the recipe changed

Taxonomy

Name and type

Linnaeus described Heracleum sphondylium in 1753, giving its habitat as “the woods of Europe”. Its lectotype, the specimen that fixes the name, is a sheet in the herbarium of George Clifford at the Natural History Museum in London; it is also the type of the genus, so that Heracleum is defined by this plant and not by its giant relatives.⁸¹ The epithet is the Greek sphondylion, a diminutive in form of sphondylos, “vertebra”, and the name of cow parsnip in Dioscorides; Pliny wrote spondylium.⁹

Subspecies

The species is very variable. Flora Europaea divides it into nine subspecies, most of them mountain plants of southern and central Europe;¹⁰ Kew’s World Checklist accepts fifteen, and treats the yellow-green-flowered Siberian hogweed, H. sibiricum, as a species of its own.¹¹ The Iberian flora finds the subspecies far from clear.³ The leaves range from pinnate to ternate to undivided, and all the forms are joined by intermediates: in the Italian Alps the botanist R. K. Brummitt saw the whole range within half a mile.¹² Brummitt also found no character separating the American cow parsnip from one of the European subspecies, and reduced it to a synonym;¹² Kew now accepts it as a separate species, H. maximum.¹¹ The chromosome number is 2n = 22, as in the giant hogweeds.³¹³

Hybrids with giant hogweed

Where the two species meet, common hogweed and giant hogweed produce hybrids that are intermediate in form and almost sterile.¹⁴ Crosses succeed only one way: with common hogweed as the seed parent, seed set was 22–23 per cent, while the reverse cross failed, perhaps because the giant’s styles are longer.¹³ Insects help to keep the species apart. At a British site where both grew, 59 insect species were caught on common hogweed and 48 on giant hogweed, only 23 of them on both, and each insect carried almost only the pollen of the plant it was caught on.¹⁵

In Britain and Ireland the hybrid is a tall, many-stemmed perennial of riverbanks, first recorded in Ireland on the River Liffey in 1951 and in Britain on the River Brent in 1962; it is probably under-recorded.¹⁶ It has been suggested that the giant might be hybridised out of existence. Having made the crosses, Fiona Stewart and John Grace thought it unlikely: if genes flowed at all, they would flow from the giant into the native plant, not the other way.¹³reform from within: judged unlikely In northern Norway the Siberian hogweed crosses with Persian hogweed, and the fertile hybrid passes genes into the native plant.¹⁷

Names

The English name cow parsnip was coined by William Turner in 1548, who wrote that the plant “may be called in englishe Cowpersnepe”; in 1657 William Coles explained it as good fodder for cows.¹⁸¹⁹ The word hogweed is recorded from 1707, as a name for plants that pigs ate or that were thought fit only for them; the dictionaries do not say which plant the first record meant.²⁰ Coles wrote that hogs ate this one greedily, and in 1865 a Victorian flora explained the name by the pigs that “quickly fatten upon” its leaves.¹⁹²¹ Other English names include keck and kex, madnep, pig’s bubbles, pig’s cole, rabbit-meat and swine weed.¹⁹

In much of Europe the plant is a bear’s paw: German Bärenklau, Danish bjørneklo, Hungarian medvetalp, Russian medvezh’ya lapa. The medieval Latin branca ursina, “bear’s paw”, was first the name of acanthus, whose leaves are similar, and passed to hogweed first in France. Older German kept the two apart, calling acanthus the true or Italian bear’s claw and hogweed the German or false one.²²

The Slavic barszcz and borshch first meant the plant. Their origin is sought in words for a point or bristle, after the plant’s sharp leaves, related to German Borste.⁷⁶ The name passed from the plant to the soup made from it, and from that soup to the beetroot soup that replaced it.⁷⁶ By 1883 the change was complete enough that a Polish questionnaire on folk plants had to ask about “barszcz the plant”, to distinguish it from the soup.²³ The Russian name of the genus, borshchevik, is formed from the same word, and so the Soviet silage crop became borshchevik Sosnovskogo.

Description

Common hogweed usually grows to 0.5–1.5 m, occasionally to 2 m, and in Iberia to 2.8 m.²³ The stem is stout, hollow and furrowed, with stiff hairs that point downwards.²¹ The leaves are pinnate, with two or three pairs of broad lobed leaflets, hairy, up to 35 cm long, and smell faintly of fennel or anise when crushed.¹²²¹²⁴ A taproot, sometimes with several heads, can go down 2 m.²⁴

The umbels are up to 17 cm across, with 10–32 unequal rays.³ The flowers are white, occasionally tinged pink or violet; the outer flowers of each umbel have enlarged outer petals split into two lobes.³²⁴²¹ Plants of the Siberian subspecies have looser umbels of yellow-green flowers.²⁵ The terminal umbel has hermaphrodite flowers; the side umbels have male flowers, alone or mixed with hermaphrodite ones.³ The flowers are strongly protandrous. The anthers open between seven and nine in the morning; the male phase of an umbel lasts four or five days, and after a gap the stigmas of the whole umbel become receptive on the same day.¹³ The plant is self-compatible, but in experiments self-pollinated umbels set a mean of 16 per cent of seed against about 67 per cent when cross-pollinated.²¹³

The fruit splits into two flat, winged halves 6–10 mm long, weighing 5–7 mg each.³²⁶ Estimates of the seed set by one plant range from a mean of about 850 to 5,000–8,000, a fraction of the giant’s.²⁶ Flowering lasts from June to September.²²⁷

Life span

Floras disagree about how long the plant lives. Flora Europaea and the Iberian flora call it biennial or short-lived perennial, and a British trait database codes it as biennial; German and British sources describe a perennial that flowers repeatedly.^13328227 In an experimental planting in south-east Scotland, followed from 1978 to 1982, more than half of the common hogweeds survived five years, and many flowered in each of four seasons; the giant hogweeds flowered once, in their third to fifth year, and usually died.¹³

Germination

The seed needs winter. Its dormancy breaks, and the embryo grows, only below 10 °C: at 2 °C the embryo quadruples in size in nine weeks, while at 15 °C it stops growing after doubling.²⁹³⁰ The seedlings come up nearly all at once in early spring.²⁹ Unlike giant hogweed, whose seed can survive in the soil for years, it keeps almost no seed bank: after autumn sowing few viable seeds are left after a year, and 88 of 93 records in a European trait database describe its seed bank as transient.³¹²⁶

Distribution and habitat

Common hogweed is native from Europe to Turkey and Morocco, and has been introduced to north-eastern North America, New Zealand, Iceland and the Faroes.¹¹ In Britain and Ireland it grows almost everywhere, from sea level to 1,005 m, and its distribution has not changed appreciably since the 1960s.²⁷ It grows in rough and disturbed grassland, especially on roadsides, and on woodland rides, riverbanks, dunes and cliffs.²⁷ On British road verges cow parsley flowers first, then hogweed and rough chervil, and between them they give the verges the creamy-white haze of late spring and summer.³²

It is a plant of fertile ground and a strong indicator of nitrogen.² In Swiss hay meadows it spreads where too much slurry is spread and the grass is cut too seldom, and it does not grow in pastures.²⁴ In a Czech experiment a small dose of nitrogen increased it, and mowing two weeks earlier than usual reduced it.³³

Ecology

Common hogweed is visited by more than a hundred species of insect. In north-eastern Poland more than 108 species came to its flowers over two seasons, but only two or three did most of the pollinating, chiefly medium-sized flies. Flowers in the male phase were visited more than those in the female phase, and some visitors came only to male-phase flowers and may be parasites rather than pollinators.³⁴³⁵a hundred visitors, two or three workers Social wasps come for the nectar, drawn by a scent in which linalool is the main compound.³⁶ In Britain the red soldier beetle, Rhagonycha fulva, is so closely tied to the plant that it is known as the “hogweed bonking beetle”; the adults live a median of 4.4 days.³⁷

In Switzerland 34 species of plant-eating arthropods were found on common hogweed and 34 on giant hogweed, 26 of them on both.³⁸ Common hogweed is the preferred native host of the parsnip webworm, Depressaria radiella, whose caterpillars feed in webs on the ripening fruit and then bore into the hollow stem to pupate. Woodlice, earwigs and spiders later move into the holes.³⁹ Wild plants in Scotland that showed no symptoms carried six viruses, all of which infected cultivated umbellifers in experiments.⁴⁰

Toxicity

Like the giant hogweeds, common hogweed contains furanocoumarins, but mostly in the roots and fruits. In a test of nine subspecies the fruits were phototoxic in all of them, and the leaves of the two common in northern Europe usually not at all.⁴¹ Romanian plants had no detectable furanocoumarins in leaves or stems, about 6 mg per gram in the roots and up to 3.5 mg per gram in the green fruits.⁴² In one comparison, the leaves of Siberian hogweed held about a sixth as much as those of Sosnowsky’s hogweed; the fruits of the two held much the same.⁴³

It still burns. In 1975 dermatologists reported 58 soldiers who had come out in blistered stripes after field duty in vegetation that included hogweed, which they called the most important cause of such reactions in their latitudes.⁴⁴ Rotary mowers spread the sap with the cut grass, producing diffuse rather than striped burns,⁴⁵ and strimmers cause “trimmer’s rash”; the advice is to trim in the evening.⁴⁶ A horse in Britain was thought to have been photosensitised by it in 2010.⁴⁷

The oil of the fruit, studied as early as 1876, is rich in octyl compounds: in a Turkish sample half of it was octanol.⁴⁸⁴⁹

Uses

Barszcz

The fermented leaves and stalks are first recorded in 1595, by Marcin of Urzędów, who described hogweed soured in the Polish manner as good for fevers and thirst, to be eaten with egg and butter on days without meat. Two years later John Gerard wrote that the people of Poland and Lithuania brewed a drink from it with leaven and drank it instead of beer.⁵⁵⁰ In 1613 the Polish herbalist Syrennius described the plant as familiar to everyone in Poland, Ruthenia, Lithuania and Samogitia; the leaves were gathered in May and the soup was made on its own or with chicken, eggs, cream or millet. In the seventeenth century it was served to the professors of the Jagiellonian University in Kraków every Wednesday in Lent, and as the main soup at Easter.⁵

To make it, young leaves and stalks were covered with warm water and left for a few days to sour. Adam Maurizio, a historian of food, called it the principal fermented soup of the Slavs, and Łukasz Łuczaj and Wojciech Szymański call hogweed the last lacto-fermented wild vegetable of Poland.⁵

By the eighteenth century the soup had become a rare food of the poor. In 1783 a Polish naturalist wrote that the common people made a soup called barszcz from hogweed, and in 1799 Lithuanian villagers were described fermenting or drying the young leaves. Beetroot soup took its place and its name; the last record from Lithuania dates from 1845.⁵it trickled down Hogweed barszcz survived in a few villages: at Straconka, in the Beskids, a woman born in 1880 made it until the 1940s or 1950s, and at Rabka-Zdrój the green parts were a famine food before the First World War.⁵⁵¹ In 1883 half of the twelve correspondents from what is now Belarus still reported using the plant in sour soups.²³

Elsewhere

In Siberia, according to J. G. Gmelin as retold in a Victorian flora, the peeled stalks were eaten, the stalks were dried until a sugary substance formed on them, and a spirit was distilled from them that Gmelin found more agreeable than spirit from grain; which hogweed he described is uncertain.²¹ In parts of England the leaves were gathered for pigs, and in Somerset “extensively collected” for them.¹⁹²¹ In Aberdeenshire an old woman gave her cows a basketful each evening in season and credited it for the next morning’s milk.¹⁹

The same Victorian flora thought the young shoots tasted like asparagus and regretted that the plant, generally regarded as a noxious weed, was not eaten more: it “might really be usefully employed, if our peasantry were better informed”.²¹ Foragers still eat the shoots, and use the seed as a spice.⁵² In Romania the plant is sold in food supplements for potency, fertility and hormonal balance; three tinctures tested would supply up to 13 times the daily dose of furanocoumarins that the authors used as a threshold.⁴² A review of 2023, funded by the European Union’s recovery programme, proposed domesticating it as a new cash crop.⁵²soup of the poor, cash crop of the future

On farms it is a mixed blessing. The young leaves are rich and easily digested, but they soon turn woody and crumble off in haymaking, and in quantity the plant has no value as fodder and crowds out better forage plants.²⁴ A herbicide in development for grassland lists it among the hard-to-control umbellifers.⁵³

Status

Common hogweed is of Least Concern in Great Britain and is not threatened in Germany.²⁷² It is not on the European Union’s list of invasive alien species or in Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act, both of which name the giant hogweed.⁴⁵⁴

See also

• Giant hogweed
• Sosnowsky’s hogweed
• Persian hogweed
• Heracleum
• Umbel
• Furanocoumarin

Footnotes

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4. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2016/1141 of 13 July 2016 adopting a list of invasive alien species of Union concern, consolidated text of 2 August 2022. ↩ ↩²

5. Łuczaj, Ł.; Szymański, W. M. (2007). “Wild vascular plants gathered for consumption in the Polish countryside: a review”. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 3: 17. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-3-17. ↩ ↩² ↩³ ↩⁴ ↩⁵ ↩⁶

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